| JETTE | ZAMBIA |
Petauke Township
People
PETAUKE DISTRICT (2)
Subsistenslandbrug og skovrydning - Subsistence Farming and Deforestation
Det store flertal af zambianere i landområderne lever af subsistens-landbrug, hvor de kun lige med nød og næppe kan overleve - ofte kun med nødhjælp i tørkeperioderne. Træer fældes i stort antal, dels fordi jorden bliver udpint, og ny jord må opdyrkes - dels fordi man skal bruge masser af træ til husholdningen osv. Nogle tjener også lidt ved at lave og sælge trækul.
In rural areas the vast majority of Zambians live by subsistence farming where they can barely survive - often only through food relief in times of drought. Trees are cut down in large numbers, partly because the soil becomes exhausted and new land must be cultivated - partly because lots of wood is needed for cooking etc. A bit of money may also be earned by burning and selling charcoal.
Ingen markedsadgang og ingen konkurrence
Subsistensbønderne i landområderne
lider under manglende markedsadgang. De har igen mulighed for at transportere
deres varer nogen som helst steder hen, vejene er nærmest ufremkommmelige,
og de kan kun vente på en enlig opkøber, der dikterer latterligt
lave priser. Men de har brug for kontanter, fx til medicin, så
de har ikke noget valg. Når de enorme lastbiler kom til Petauke
District for at opkøbe majs, plejede en af mine kolleger altid
at sige: "De er ude for at stjæle majs!" Og folk ude
i landområderne har heller ikke noget valg, når de skal
købe.
Lack
of Access to Markets and No Competition
The subsistence farmers in the rural areas suffer from a lack
of access to markets. They have no transport whatsoever, the roads are
almost impassable, and they can only wait for a buyer (Read: ONE buyer)
to come and dictate ridiculously low prices. But they need cash for
e.g. medicine, so they have no choice. When the huge trucks came to
buy maize in Petauke District, one of my colleagues would always say,
"They've come to steal maize!" And villagers have no choice
either when they need to buy.
Mens man venter på en eventuel køber
ude i bushen...
Waiting for a potential buyer to come
by...
Detailhandel
Der er meget langt imellem sælgere af dagligvarer ude
i landområderne. De har meget høje omkostninger, og de
bestemmer priserne, for der er ingen konkurrenter. Vareudvalget er imidlertid
stærkt begrænset, så ofte må folk helt ind til
Petauke, og her er priserne også høje - pga. manglende
konkurrnce.
Retailing
Suppliers of daily needs are extremely scarce in the rural
areas. They have very high costs and they.determine prices because there
is no competition. However, the selection is extremely limited so often
people have to go all the way to Petauke where prices are also high
- due to lack of competition.
Nyamphande Fashions
En af de meget få butikker ude i bushen:
"Køb dine daglige fornødenheder her!"
Nyamphande Fashions
One of the very few shops in the
bush:
"Buy your Daily Needs Here!"
Vand - livets kilde
Water - the Source of Life
Det er kvindernes og pigernes opgave at hente vand, ofte timers gang væk fra landsbyen.
It is the task of women and girls to collect water, often hours' walk from the village.
.
Forurenet drikkevand
Et vandhul som dette ved Matonga er, hvad mange indbyggere
i Petauke District - og i hele Zambia - må tage til takke med.
Og nej, det er ikke den lille piges kjole, der skinner igennem vandet
i flasken på billedet herunder - det er vandets naturlige kulør!
Unclean
and Unsafe Water
A waterhole like this at Matonga is what many inhabitants of Petauke
District - and all over Zambia - have to content themselves with. And
no, it is not the colour of the little girl's dress shining through
the water in the bottle on the picture below - it is the natural colour
of the water itself!
_
Husdyrenes vand var - om muligt - endnu værre (Herover til venstre). Heldigvis fik man nye vandboringer med rent vand mange steder, blandt andet her i Matonga - om end alt for mange landsbyer stadig kun har adgang til forurenet vand i utilstrækkelige mængder
The water for the livestock was even worse - if possible (Above left). Fortunately many communities got boreholes with clean and safe water, e.g. here in Matonga - although far too many communities still have access to nothing but inadequate polluted water.
Denne bedårende lille pige, der er fotograferet uden for Msanzala Skole, var rædselsslagen for mzungu-kvinden, der absolut skulle alt for tæt på. Formodentlig havde hun aldrig set sådan én før. Pigens mave viser tydelige tegn på mangelfuld ernæring. Det ses især hos børn ude på landet, hvor sult er stadig tilbagevendende efter tørkeperioder.
This adorable little girl, photographed outside Msanzala School, was scared of the mzungu lady who insisted on coming far too close. She had probably never seen one before. The girl's tummy shows clear signs of malnutrition. This is particularly seen with children in rural areas where hunger will recur after periods of drought.
_
I Zambia bæres børn på ryggen, til de er 2-3 år eller mere, og de tages med overalt, så længe de ammes. Man bøjer sig forover med babyen liggende helt stille på ens ryg og binder så et stort tørklæde rundt om babyen under venstre arm og over højre skulder. Så kan man lige svinge barnet rundt under sin arm, når det skal ammes. Her er det dog storesøster, der bærer (Alle tre er døtre af min vagtmand Sakala). Den lille pige har lige fået et par sko, et sjældent syn på disse kanter, for de fleste børn i Petauke District er barfodede.
In Zambia infants are carried on the back until they are 2-3 years or more and they are taken everywhere as long as they are breastfed.You lean forward with the baby lying very still on your back and round the baby you tie a big scarf under your left arm and over your right shoulder. Then you can pull the baby under your arm to your bosom to breastfeed it when need arises. Not in this case, though, since the one carrying is the elder sister (All three are daughters of Sakala, my watchman). The little girl has just had a pair of shoes, a rare sight in these parts, for most children in Petauke District are barefoot.
Forældreløse
og udsatte børn
Antallet af forældreløse er stærkt
stigende i Petauke District, primært pga. Aids (I Zambia registreres
Aids dog ikke som dødsårsag - kun følgesygdommene),
men også pga. alle mulige andre sygdomme. Det dyr, der dræber
flest mennesker i Afrika, er f.eks. malariamyggen. Absurd, når man
tænker på, hvor nemt malaria kan kureres i de fleste tilfælde.
Flere og flere børn i Zambia går ikke i skole eller får
meget lidt skolegang. Efter 7. klasse koster det penge at have sine børn
i skole, og det har de allerfærreste råd til. Og videregående
uddannelser er kun for de priviligerede.
Orphans
and vulnerable children
The number of orphans in the District is steadily increasing,
primarily due to Aids (although in Zambia Aids is not registered as the
cause of death, only its related diseases) but also a variety of other
diseases. The animal killing most people in Africa is actually the malaria
mosquito. Absurd when taking into consideration how easily most cases
of malaria can be cured.
An increasing number of children in Zambia do not attend school or drop
out. After grade 7 parents must pay school fees and only very few can
afford to. Higher and further education is for the privileged only.
Herunder:
Forældreløse ved Cheso Dam
Below: Orphans at Cheso Dam
Stammer i Petauke District - Tribes in Petauke District
De fleste i Petauke District
tilhører nsenga-stammen, men der er også
andre stammer. Mine folk var fx alle ngonier, der egentlig
kommer længere østfra, men der er også en del chewaer,
som oså kommer østfra. Herover er en gruppe traditionelle
Nyau-dansere, en hemmelig chewa-"loge", der maskerer sig som
dyr. De dansede for os, da vi var ude til et borgermøde i landsbyen
Chataika.
Man møder ikke "traditionelle" stammer som fx masaierne
i Tanzania og Kenya. Folk i Zambia er generelt klædt som i Europa
(men med betydeligt flere farver!), og det er mit indtryk, at folk gifter
sig på tværs af stammer i temmelig stor udstrækning.
Desuden har man begrebet "fætterstammer", der indebærer,
at de stammer, der før i tiden har kostet hinanden størst
tab, nu er særligt forbundne og har særlige forpligtelser
over for hinanden - en vidunderlig tradition, jeg ikke kender andre
steder fra.
Mange zambianske stammer er matrilineære, hvilket vil sige, at
slægen videreføres gennem mændene i den mødrene
linje, fx nsengaerne. Andre er patrilineære, dvs at slægten
videreføres i faderens linje, fx ngonierne.
In
Petauke District most people are Nsengas, but there
are also other tribes. My staff were for instance all Ngoni,
but there are also a number of Chewas, both tribes
from further east. Above is a group of traditional Nyau dancers, a secret
Chewa order whose members wear animal disguises.They danced for us when
we attended a community meeting in Chataika village.
You do not meet "traditional" tribes like the Masai of Tanzania
and Kenya. Generally people are dressed like in Europe (though considerably
more colourful!) and my impression is that inter-tribal marriages are
fairly common. Furthermore there is the concept 'cousin tribes', which
implies that the tribes which caused each other the greatest losses
in the past are now interconnected and have special obligations to each
other - a wonderful tradition that I have never come across anywhere
else.
Many Zambian tribes er matrilineal, meaning that the family is carried
on through the men in the mother's line, e.g. the Nsengas. Others are
patrilineal meaning that the family is continued through the father's
line, eg the Ngoni.
Petauke Distict er ikke fladt. Her og der ser man fx enorme klippestykker/isolerede bjerge, som ser ud til bare at være dumpet ned fra himlen (Ovenfor). Og når man fx kører ad bagvejen fra Petauke op til South Luangwa National Park, bliver landskabet meget mere varieret og til tider (næsten) ufremkommeligt.
Petauke District is not flat. Here and there you see giant rocks/isolated mountaiins that seem to have dropped out of the sky (Above). And going by e.g. the back road from Petauke to South Luangwa National Park you will find a very diverse landscape that is at times (almost) impassable.
| JETTE | ZAMBIA |